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What is Functional Programming? Functional programming (often abbreviated FP) is the process of building software by composing pure functions, avoiding shared state, mutable data, and side-effects.  Functional programming is  declarative  rather than imperative, and application state flows through pure functions. Contrast with object oriented programming, where application state is usually shared and collocated with methods in objects. It is a declarative programming paradigm, which means programming is done with expressions. In functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function, so calling a function f twice with the same value for an argument x will produce the same result f(x) each time. Functional code tends to be more concise, more predictable, and easier to test than imperative or object oriented code  but if you’re unfamiliar with it and the common patterns associated with it, functional code can ...

JSON or JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data interchange. Conventions used by JSON are known to programmers, which include C, C++, Java, Python, Perl, etc. JSON stands for  JavaScript Object Notation. The format was specified by  Douglas Crockford. It was designed for  human-readable  data interchange. It has been extended from the JavaScript scripting language. The filename extension is  .json . JSON Internet Media type is application/json. The Uniform Type Identifier is  public.json . Uses of JSON It is used while writing JavaScript based applications that includes browser extensions and websites. JSON format is used for serializing and transmitting structured data over network connection. It is primarily used to transmit data between a server and web applications. Web services and APIs use JSON format to provide public data. It can be used with modern programming l...

PHP can be considered more as a revolution in the web development arena. Beginning with scripting of simple web pages, PHP today has evolved into a language that powers almost 60% of the web . Well, it has been extensively modified to develop frameworks and content management systems to ease the tasks of developers. Essentially, frameworks have some pre-coded functionalities that developers require on a regular basis and content management systems are built with the end user in mind. We assume that Core PHP means solving a Mathematical problem by using paper and pen. Frame work means solving Mathematical problem by using a calculator. Core PHP-Solving Mathematical Problem Only some students can achieve results by using paper and pen as same as in PHP. Only a few of the developers can write the code in an easy way and reliable format. Core PHP uses the PHP script in its purest form . A developer needs to know the language thoroughly in order to write a clear and co...

What is SQL Injection? SQL Injection is an injection attack wherein an attacker can execute malicious SQL statements that control a web application’s database server. Since an SQL Injection vulnerability could possibly affect any website or web application that makes use of an SQL-based database, the vulnerability is one of the oldest, most prevalent and most dangerous of web application vulnerabilities. SQL Injection can also be used to add, modify and delete records in a database, affecting data integrity. SQL Injection can provide an attacker with unauthorized access to sensitive data including, customer data, personally identifiable information (PII), trade secrets, intellectual property and other sensitive information. Types of SQL Injection Attacks Code injection:- Adding more SQL statements to an SQL statement in an attempt to obtain access rights or some sensitive information is termed as code injection. This is type of SQL injection attack take advantage of some ...

A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.  The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files. The Internet is so full of information that it’s nearly impossible to check its limits. That’s why, search engines were developed to maintain a search-able database of the web’s content. People employ the use of search engines to look up for information on the web. Google Search , commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google. It is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, handling more than three billion searches each day. You type in the query, and the search engine provides you with the search results. In most cases you’re satisfied but sometimes, you’re not. This is where learning the prop...

A tree is a data structure made up of nodes or vertices and edges without having any cycle. The tree with no nodes is called the null or empty tree. A tree that is not empty consists of a root node and potentially many levels of additional nodes that form a hierarchy. Tree Tree Terminology Lets see some tree terminologies:- Root: The top node in a tree. Child: A node directly connected to another node when moving away from the Root. Parent: The converse notion of a child. Siblings: A group of nodes with the same parent. Descendant: A node reachable by repeated proceeding from parent to child. Ancestor: A node reachable by repeated proceeding from child to parent. Leaf: A node with no children. Internal node: A node with at least one child. Degree: The number of sub trees of a node. Edge: The connection between one node and another. Path: A sequence of nodes and edges connecting a node with a descendant. Level: The level of a node is defined by 1 + (the...